1
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Some
psychologists criticise Gardner & Gardner’s work with Washoe
by suggesting that the chimpanzee only learned to imitate gestures
and did not learn a language as the Gardners claimed.
Give two pieces of
evidence that suggest that Washoe uses a language
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[4]
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1996
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2
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Describe
two of the training
methods which Gardner & Gardner adopted to encourage Washoe to
use sign language.
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[4]
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1997
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3
(a)
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In
project Washoe, why did Gardner & Gardner use sign language
rather than spoken language?
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[2]
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(b)
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Why
did Gardner & Gardner use deaf adults to check Washoe’s signs?
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[2]
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1999
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4
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From
Project Washoe
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(a)
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Describe
one way that Washoe’s
signing was similar to
human language.
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[2]
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(b)
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Describe
one way that Washoe’s
signing was different to
human language
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[2]
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2000
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5
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(a)
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From
the Project Washoe study by Gardner and Gardner, one aspect of
Washoe’s signing that was recorded was her ability to be creative.
What is meant by the term creative in this study?
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[2]
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(b)
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Give
one example of Washoe’s signing that was creative.
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[2]
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June 2001
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6
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(a)
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From Gardner
and Gardner's study, Project Washoe, outline one way in which
it was decided whether or not Washoe had added a sign to her
vocabulary.
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[2]
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(b)
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Identify one
way in which Washoe's language differed from that of a human child.
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[2]
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May
2002
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7
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In Project Washoe,
Gardner and Gardner chose to teach the chimpanzee a sign language
rather than a spoken one. Outline two reasons for this
choice.
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[4]
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January 2003
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8
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From the study by
Gardner and Gardner (Project Washoe):
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(a)
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What is meant by the term
'reinforcement'?
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[2]
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(b)
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Give one example of how positive
reinforcement was used in this study?
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[2]
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January 2003
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9
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Outline two of the training methods
that were used by Gardner and Gardner to encourage Washoe to use sign
language.
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[4]
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May 2003
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10 |
From Project Washoe by Gardner and
Gardner, outline one way that Washoe's signing was similar to human
language. |
[2] |
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January 2004
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11 |
From Project Washoe by Gardner and Gardner, outline two
differences between Washoe's language and that of a human child. |
[4] |
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May 2004
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13 |
Explain the psychological principle behind
Gardner and Gardner's use of tickling to encourage Washoe to use
sign language. |
[2]
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May 2005
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14 |
Gardner and Gardner attempted to teach
Washoe sign language. Outline one reason why this study was
conducted. |
[2] |
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January 2006
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15 |
Outline one way in which Gardner and Gardner attempted to increase the
reliability of their measurement of Washoe's signing of new words. |
[2] |
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May 2006
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16 |
From the study by Gardner and Gardner describe two of the training
techniques used to teach Washoe sign language. |
[4] |
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January 2007
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