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Gardner and Gardner (Washoe)

Past exam short questions

 

1

Some psychologists criticise Gardner & Gardner’s work with Washoe by suggesting that the chimpanzee only learned to imitate gestures and did not learn a language as the Gardners claimed.  Give two pieces of evidence that suggest that Washoe uses a language

 

 

  [4]

 

1996


 

 

 

 

 

2

Describe two of the training methods which Gardner & Gardner adopted to encourage Washoe to use sign language.

 

[4]

 

1997


 

 

 

 

 

3

(a)

 

In project Washoe, why did Gardner & Gardner use sign language rather than spoken language?

 

  [2]

 

 

 

(b)

Why did Gardner & Gardner use deaf adults to check Washoe’s signs?

[2]

 

1999


 

 

 

 

 

4

From Project Washoe

 

 

 

 

(a)

Describe one way that Washoe’s signing was similar to human language.

  [2]

 

 

 

(b)

Describe one way that Washoe’s signing was different to human language

  [2]

 

2000


 

 

 

 

 

5

 

 

(a)

From the Project Washoe study by Gardner and Gardner, one aspect of Washoe’s signing that was recorded was her ability to be creative.  What is meant by the term creative in this study?

 

  [2]

 

 

 

(b)

Give one example of Washoe’s signing that was creative.

[2]

 

June 2001


 

 

 

  6

 

 

(a)

From Gardner and Gardner's study, Project Washoe, outline one way in which it was decided whether or not Washoe had added a sign to her vocabulary.

 

[2]

 

 

 

 

(b)

Identify one way in which Washoe's language differed from that of a human child. 

[2]

 

May 2002


 

 7

In Project Washoe, Gardner and Gardner chose to teach the chimpanzee a sign language rather than a spoken one.  Outline two reasons for this choice.

   

[4]

 

  January 2003


 

  8

From the study by Gardner and Gardner (Project Washoe):

 

 

 

 

(a) What is meant by the term 'reinforcement'? [2]

(b) Give one example of how positive reinforcement was used in this study? [2]

January 2003


 

9 Outline two of the training methods that were used by Gardner and Gardner to encourage Washoe to use sign language.
[4]

May 2003


 

10 From Project Washoe by Gardner and Gardner, outline one way that Washoe's signing was similar to human language. [2]
 

January 2004


 

11

From Project Washoe by Gardner and Gardner, outline two differences between Washoe's language and that of a human child.


[4]
 

May 2004


 
     
13 Explain the psychological principle behind Gardner and Gardner's use of tickling to encourage Washoe to use sign language.
[2]
 
 

May 2005


 
     
14 Gardner and Gardner attempted to teach Washoe sign language.  Outline one reason why this study was conducted. 
[2]
 

January 2006


 

 
     
     
15 Outline one way in which Gardner and Gardner attempted to increase the reliability of their measurement of Washoe's signing of new words.  

[2]

 

May 2006


 
     
   
 
     
     
16 From the study by Gardner and Gardner describe two of the training techniques used to teach Washoe sign language.
[4]
 

January 2007