1
(a)
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From
the study by Dement & Kleitman, give two
measures that the researchers made while their subjects were
sleeping.
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[2]
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(b)
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What
did their measurements tell them about the pattern of normal sleep?
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[2]
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1996
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2
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The
data table shown below contains the results from the dream-duration
estimates made in the study by Dement & Kleitman.
Identify two conclusions
that we can draw from the data
Results
of dream-duration estimates after 5 or 15 minutes of rapid eye
movements
Estimates
(in minutes)
Estimates (in minutes)
after
5 minutes REM
after 15 minutes REM
Subject
Right Wrong
Right Wrong
DN
8
2
5
5
IR
11
1
7
3
KC
7
0
12
1
WD
13
1
15
1
PM
6
2
8
3
Total
45 6
47
13
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[4]
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1998
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3
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(a)
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From
the study by Dement & Kleitman on sleep, what does an
electroencephalogram (EEG) record?
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[2]
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(b)
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Outline
one problem with using an
EEG to investigate dreaming.
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[2]
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1999
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4
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From
the study by Dement & Kleitman on sleep, give four
characteristics of REM sleep.
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[4]
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2000
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5
(a)
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In
the Dement and Kleitman study on sleep, what was the sample?
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[2]
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(b)
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Explain
one problem with this sample
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[2]
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Sample 2000
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6
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The
data table shown below is taken from the study of sleep and dreaming
by Dement and Kleitman. Outline two conclusions that can be drawn from this
data.
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[4]
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Table showing
the incidences of dream recall after awakenings during periods of
REMs or periods of NREMS
Participant
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Rapid Eye Movement
Dream recall
No Recall
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Non Rapid Eye
Movement
Dream recall
No recall
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DN
IR
KC
WD
PM
KK
SM
DM
MG
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17
26
36
37
24
4
2
2
4
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9
8
4
5
6
1
2
1
3
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3
2
3
1
2
0
0
0
0
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21
29
31
34
23
5
2
1
3
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Totals
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152
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39
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11
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149
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January 2001
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7
(a)
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Identify
one of the aims of the study on sleep and dreaming carried out by
Dement and Kleitman.
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[2]
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(b)
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Outline
the results of the study in relation to this aim
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[2]
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June 2001
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8
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The
study by Dement and Kleitman (sleep and dreaming) involved
participants self reports of dreams and the use of equipment to
measure REM and NREM
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(a)
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Outline
one finding of the relationship between sleep and dreaming
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[2]
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(b)
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Give
one reason why the conclusions of the study might not be
valid
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[2]
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January 2002
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9
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(a)
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In the study on
sleep and dreaming, Dement and Kleitman point out that dream recall
from NREM was higher if the awakening occurred within eight minutes
of the end of REM than if the awaking occurred later. How did
they explain this difference?
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[2]
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(b)
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Outline another
possible explanation for this difference.
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[2]
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May
2002
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10
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(a)
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In their study on sleeping, Dement and
Kleitman found some participants recalled dreams following NREM
sleep. How did they explain this.
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[2]
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(b)
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What evidence is there in the study to
support this explanation?
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[2]
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January 2003
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11
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In the study on sleep and dreaming by
Dement and Kleitman, it is suggested that Rapid Eye Movements (REM)
only occur during dreaming. Give one piece of evidence
which supports this suggestion, and one piece of evidence that
challenges it.
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[4]
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May 2003
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12 |
From the study on sleep and dreaming by
Dement and Kleitman, outline one way in which the study is
low in ecological validity. |
[2] |
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January 2004
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13
(a) |
Identify two controls used in the study on sleep and dreaming
by Dement and Kleitman. |
[2] |
(b) |
Explain why one of these controls was used. |
[2] |
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May 2004
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15 |
From the study by Dement and Kleitman on
sleep and dreaming: (a)
Identify the two substances participants were instructed not
to have on the day of the experiment.
(b) Outline one problem with
controlling these substances. |
[2]
[2] |
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May 2005
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16 |
In their study on sleep and dreaming,
Dement and Kleitman used an EEG (electroencephalograph) to record
data. Outline one advantage and one disadvantage
of using this method. |
[4] |
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January 2006
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17 |
Explain how one control was used in the study on sleeping and dreaming
by Dement and Kleitman. |
[2] |
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May 2006
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18 |
From the study by Dement and Kleitman on sleep and dreaming outline
two features of the procedure that increased reliability. |
[4] |
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January 2007
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